{"ikmk_id":"1778","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Constantinus I.","inventory_number":"091","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/sachbegriff\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/ikmk.uni-freiburg.de\/permalink\/0\/ID1778","publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":49,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/49","publisher_name":"Universit\u00e4t Freiburg, Seminar f\u00fcr Alte Geschichte","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-2425","publisher_isil_short":"DE-2425","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-2425\/ID1778","legalBodyWeblink":"http:\/\/www.altegeschichte.uni-freiburg.de\/"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"92","owner_name":"Freiburg, Institut f\u00fcr Christliche Arch\u00e4ologie und Byzantinische Kunstgeschichte","owner_isil":"","owner_isil_short":"","owner_www_address":"http:\/\/www.byzanz.uni-freiburg.de\/","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/92","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/possession_kind\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"1001","nominal":"Nummus","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/nummus","nominal_gnd_id":"","info_de":"Mit der M\u00fcnzreform des Diocletianus neu eingef\u00fchrtes, zun\u00e4chst versilbertes und bald als reine Bronzem\u00fcnze ausgef\u00fchrtes Nominal. Die Bezeichnunung Nummus wird im M\u00fcnzkabinett Berlin f\u00fcr entsprechende r\u00f6mische Nominale bis zum Jahr 348 n. Chr. verwendet. Sie bezeichnet zudem das Nominal einiger v\u00f6lkerwanderungszeitlicher Gepr\u00e4ge sowie italische Kleinm\u00fcnzen.\r\n\r\nIm Lateinischen bezeichnet nummus auch die M\u00fcnze im Allgemeinen (griechisch noummos).","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/nominal\/1001"},"date_last":"2022-04-04 08:35:18","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"29","coin_status_name_de":"Antike Herrscherpr\u00e4gung","coin_status_name_en":"Ancient Ruler's issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ruler","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/muenzstand\/29"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"28","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/land\/28","country_name_de":"Gro\u00dfbritannien","country_name_en":"Great Britain","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/united_kingdom","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/2635167","ikmk_region_id":"221","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/221","region_name":"England","region_nomisma_id":"","region_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/6269131","ikmk_mint_id":"546","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/ort\/546","mint_name":"London","mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/london","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/2643741"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"2","material_name_de":"Bronze","material_name_en":"Bronze","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ae","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/2"},"diameter":"24 mm","die_axis":"6 h","weight":"4.60 g","accession":"","access_year":"1952","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"3","access_type_name":"Schenkung","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4052258-1","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/zugangsart\/3"},"findspot":{"ikmk_country_id":"56","country_ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/land\/56","country_name_de":"Pal\u00e4stinensische Autonomiegebiete","country_name_en":"Palestinian Autonomous Region","country_nomisma_id":"","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/6254930","ikmk_findspot_id":"2551","findspot_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/ort\/2551","findspot_name":"Mamre (Ramat el-Khalil)","findspot_nomisma_id":"","findspot_geonames_id":""},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":null,"avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"IMP [C]ONSTANTINVS P F AVG","image_description":"Panzerb\u00fcste des Constantinus I. mit Lorbeerkranz in der Brustansicht nach r.","foto_date":"2017-09-09","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"11","photographer_name":"Johannes Eberhardt","photographer_gnd":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/115629715X","photographer_viaf":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/5876152451244806650000"},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.uni-freiburg.de\/image\/ID1778\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.uni-freiburg.de\/image\/ID1778\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.uni-freiburg.de\/image\/ID1778\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.uni-freiburg.de\/image\/ID1778\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1508505660,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Freiburg, Institut f\u00fcr Christliche Arch\u00e4ologie und Byzantinische Kunstgeschichte, ID1778. Aufnahme durch Johannes Eberhardt.","en":"Image files are licensed Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Freiburg, Institut f\u00fcr Christliche Arch\u00e4ologie und Byzantinische Kunstgeschichte, ID1778. Photographs by Johannes Eberhardt."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"SOLI INVIC-TO COMITI \/\/ PLN","image_description":"Sol mit Strahlenkrone steht nach l. mit erhobener r. Hand und Globus in der l. Hand; Mantel (Chlamys) h\u00e4ngt \u00fcber die l. Schulter. T im l. und F im r. F.","foto_date":"2017-09-09","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"11","photographer_name":"Johannes Eberhardt","photographer_gnd":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/115629715X","photographer_viaf":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/5876152451244806650000"},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.uni-freiburg.de\/image\/ID1778\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.uni-freiburg.de\/image\/ID1778\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.uni-freiburg.de\/image\/ID1778\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.uni-freiburg.de\/image\/ID1778\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1508505676,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Freiburg, Institut f\u00fcr Christliche Arch\u00e4ologie und Byzantinische Kunstgeschichte, ID1778. Aufnahme durch Johannes Eberhardt.","en":"Image files are licensed Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Freiburg, Institut f\u00fcr Christliche Arch\u00e4ologie und Byzantinische Kunstgeschichte, ID1778. Photographs by Johannes Eberhardt."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"15","subdivision_name_de":"R\u00f6mische Sp\u00e4tantike","subdivision_name_en":"Roman Late Antiquity"},"literatur":"RIC VI Nr. 121 a (Londinium, 310 n. Chr.); E. Mader, Mambre. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen im Heiligen Bezirk R\u00e2met el-\u1e2aal\u00eel in S\u00fcdpal\u00e4stina 1926-1928, Textband (1957) 172.","comment":"Fundort in Mamre nicht eindeutig zu bestimmen, siehe dazu Mader Kartelle Nr. 74.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"10","period_name":"R\u00f6mische Sp\u00e4tantike","period_description":"ab 284 n. Chr.","period_concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020666","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/periode\/10"},"year_start":"310","year_end":"310","date_verbal":"310 n. Chr.","year_islam":"0","references":[{"ikmk_referenz_id":104,"souce":"RIC VI Londinium","number":"121a","similar":"0"}],"type_references":{"1289":"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.6.lon.121a"},"manufacturing":[{"ikmk_manufacturing_id":"21","manufacturing_name_de":"gepr\u00e4gt","manufacturing_name_en":"struck","nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/struck","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/herstellungtyp\/21"}],"linked_persons_corporations":{"50":{"ikmk_type_id":"50","type_name_de":"Vorbesitzer","type_name_en":"previous Owner","type_nomisma_id":"","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4447273-0","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/persontype\/50","items":{"10409":{"ikmk_person_id":"10409","title":"Prof. Dr.","first_name":"Alfons Maria","last_name":"Schneider","person_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118124048","person_viaf_id":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/44384567","vitalDates":"16.06.1896 - 04.10.1952","person_nomisma_id":null,"person_wikipedia_de_id":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfons_Maria_Schneider","person_wikipedia_en_id":null,"corporation":"0","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/10409","year_from":"0","year_until":"1952"},"10410":{"ikmk_person_id":"10410","title":null,"first_name":"Andreas Evaristus","last_name":"Mader","person_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/123373638","person_viaf_id":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/20587401","vitalDates":"09.01.1881 - 13.03.1949","person_nomisma_id":null,"person_wikipedia_de_id":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Evaristus_Mader","person_wikipedia_en_id":null,"corporation":"0","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/10410","year_from":"1928","year_until":"0"}}},"54":{"ikmk_type_id":"54","type_name_de":"Dargestellte\/r","type_name_en":"Sitter","type_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/portrait","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300189844","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/persontype\/54","items":{"482":{"ikmk_person_id":"482","title":null,"first_name":null,"last_name":"Constantinus I.","person_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118565184","person_viaf_id":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/97746098","vitalDates":"um 270\/288-337 n. Chr.","person_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/constantine_i","person_wikipedia_de_id":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konstantin_der_Gro\u00dfe","person_wikipedia_en_id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantine_the_Great","corporation":"0","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/482"}}},"57":{"ikmk_type_id":"57","type_name_de":"M\u00fcnzherr","type_name_en":"Authority","type_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/authority","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1051614252","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/persontype\/57","items":{"482":{"ikmk_person_id":"482","title":null,"first_name":null,"last_name":"Constantinus I.","person_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118565184","person_viaf_id":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/97746098","vitalDates":"um 270\/288-337 n. Chr.","person_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/constantine_i","person_wikipedia_de_id":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konstantin_der_Gro\u00dfe","person_wikipedia_en_id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantine_the_Great","corporation":"0","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/482"}}}},"keywords":[{"ikmk_keyword_id":"1","keyword":"Antike","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4068754-5","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300055818"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"71","keyword":"Bronze \/ Kupfer","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4146667-6","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/www.nomisma.org\/id\/ae"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"45","keyword":"G\u00f6tter","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4021469-2","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300343850"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"31","keyword":"M\u00fcnzstand: Antike Herrscher","keyword_gnd_uri":"","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"43","keyword":"Portr\u00e4ts","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4006627-7","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300015637"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"6","keyword":"Sp\u00e4tantike, 3.-5. Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4124227-0","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020666"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"19","keyword":"Westeuropa (ohne D)","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4079215-8","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/tgn\/4003761"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"46","timeline_item":"Von 293 bis zum Ende des 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.","description":"Die Regierungszeit des Diocletianus und seiner Mitherrscher (284-305 n. Chr.) ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Neuordnung des Staatswesens: Neue M\u00fcnzsorten wie der Nummus (Follis), der Argenteus und der auf 1\/60 des Pfundes festgesetzte Aureus werden eingef\u00fchrt und in ein festes Wechselverh\u00e4ltnis gesetzt. Diese Ma\u00dfnahmen k\u00f6nnen die Verschlechterung des Geldes nur f\u00fcr kurze Zeit aufhalten. Constantinus I. (306-337) f\u00fchrt mit dem Solidus eine neue Gold- sowie mit Siliqua und Miliarense neue Silberm\u00fcnzen ein; die Bronzenominale unterliegen ebenfalls bereits einer Abwertung. Insgesamt wird aber zur Mitte des 4. Jhs. eine Tendenz zur Goldw\u00e4hrung deutlich. Neue Goldminen werden erschlossen und h\u00f6here St\u00fcckzahlen gepr\u00e4gt. Vom Bronzegeld werden bald in schneller Folge verschiedene Sorten ausgegeben, denen es aber durchweg an dauerhaftem Geldwert mangelt. So wird das Bronzegeld abermals um 348 reformiert, auch Iulianus (genannt Apostata, reg. 361-363) versucht sich in der Einf\u00fchrung eines neuen, gro\u00dfen Bronzenominales. Zum Ende der 360er Jahre wird die regelhafte Kennzeichnung der Solidi als Feingold (OB = Obryzum) verpflichend. Ihre Entsprechung beim Silbergeld ist das K\u00fcrzel PS = pusulatum. Auch nimmt die Bedeutung der silbernen Siliquen immer mehr ab. F\u00fcr die Bildsprache der M\u00fcnzen seit der Tetrarchie ist die Betonung der absoluten Stellung des Kaisers als Dominus (\u201eHerr\u201c) charakteristisch.","year_from":"293","year_until":"400","autor":"Dahmen, Karsten"}],"restore":"no","text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}