{"ikmk_id":"8451","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Gratianus","inventory_number":"09845","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/sachbegriff\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/ikmk.uni-freiburg.de\/permalink\/0\/ID8451","publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":49,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/49","publisher_name":"Universit\u00e4t Freiburg, Seminar f\u00fcr Alte Geschichte","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-2425","publisher_isil_short":"DE-2425","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-2425\/ID8451","legalBodyWeblink":"http:\/\/www.altegeschichte.uni-freiburg.de\/"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"49","owner_name":"Freiburg, Seminar f\u00fcr Alte Geschichte der Universit\u00e4t","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-2425","owner_isil_short":"DE-2425","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/ikmk.uni-freiburg.de\/","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/49","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/possession_kind\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"649","nominal":"Aes 2","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ae2","nominal_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4584398-3","info_de":"Numismatische Hilfsbezeichnungen f\u00fcr die r\u00f6mischen Bronzenominale des 4.-5. Jhs. n. Chr. besonders in der englischsprachigen Literatur. Die franz\u00f6sische Forschung bevorzugt die Einteilung in Grand (GB), Moyen (MB), Petit bronze (PB) sowie Petit bronze quinaire (PBQ). Die deutsche Literatur verwendet h\u00e4ufig die (allerdings nur) vermuteten antiken Termini. AE 1: Follis\/Nummus (meint auch die Gro\u00dfbronze nachkonstantinischer Zeit, z. B. unter Magnentius und Iulianus (sog. \u201eDoppelmaiorina\u201c); AE 2: Maiorina; AE 3: Centenionalis; AE 4 Halb-Centenionalis\/Viertel-Maiorina. Es wirkt hier die alte Ordnung des kaiserzeitlichen Bronzegeldes nach (Sestertius - Dupondius - As - Semis).\r\nIm M\u00fcnzkabinett Berlin wird die Bezeichnung Aes 1-4 erst f\u00fcr Gepr\u00e4ge nach der M\u00fcnzreform von 348 n. Chr. verwendet.\r\nDer RIC VIII Seite 61-66 scheidet das Nominal AE 2 nach 348 n. 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Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4124227-0","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020666"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"19","keyword":"Westeuropa (ohne D)","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4079215-8","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/tgn\/4003761"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"46","timeline_item":"Von 293 bis zum Ende des 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.","description":"Die Regierungszeit des Diocletianus und seiner Mitherrscher (284-305 n. Chr.) ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Neuordnung des Staatswesens: Neue M\u00fcnzsorten wie der Nummus (Follis), der Argenteus und der auf 1\/60 des Pfundes festgesetzte Aureus werden eingef\u00fchrt und in ein festes Wechselverh\u00e4ltnis gesetzt. Diese Ma\u00dfnahmen k\u00f6nnen die Verschlechterung des Geldes nur f\u00fcr kurze Zeit aufhalten. Constantinus I. (306-337) f\u00fchrt mit dem Solidus eine neue Gold- sowie mit Siliqua und Miliarense neue Silberm\u00fcnzen ein; die Bronzenominale unterliegen ebenfalls bereits einer Abwertung. Insgesamt wird aber zur Mitte des 4. Jhs. eine Tendenz zur Goldw\u00e4hrung deutlich. Neue Goldminen werden erschlossen und h\u00f6here St\u00fcckzahlen gepr\u00e4gt. Vom Bronzegeld werden bald in schneller Folge verschiedene Sorten ausgegeben, denen es aber durchweg an dauerhaftem Geldwert mangelt. So wird das Bronzegeld abermals um 348 reformiert, auch Iulianus (genannt Apostata, reg. 361-363) versucht sich in der Einf\u00fchrung eines neuen, gro\u00dfen Bronzenominales. Zum Ende der 360er Jahre wird die regelhafte Kennzeichnung der Solidi als Feingold (OB = Obryzum) verpflichend. Ihre Entsprechung beim Silbergeld ist das K\u00fcrzel PS = pusulatum. Auch nimmt die Bedeutung der silbernen Siliquen immer mehr ab. F\u00fcr die Bildsprache der M\u00fcnzen seit der Tetrarchie ist die Betonung der absoluten Stellung des Kaisers als Dominus (\u201eHerr\u201c) charakteristisch.","year_from":"293","year_until":"400","autor":"Dahmen, Karsten"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}